Take this Exam: AP Psychology — development and learning | Zestly

Question 1

In an invented study, a bird learns to peck a lever for food. Food is then withheld, and over three sessions the pecking dies away to nothing. The bird is left alone for a week and returned to the same box, with food still withheld. It pecks the lever several times before stopping again. What does the return of the pecking show?

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery

Answer

Higher-order conditioning

Answer

Generalisation

Answer

Discrimination

Question 2

A car sounds a loud chime from the moment the engine starts until the driver fastens her seatbelt. Within a fortnight she is fastening it before starting the engine at all. In operant terms, what has happened?

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement: an unpleasant chime was removed by fastening the belt, which increased that behaviour

Answer

Negative punishment: something she valued was taken away until she complied

Answer

Positive reinforcement: a pleasant consequence was added for fastening the belt

Answer

Positive punishment: an unpleasant chime was added, which suppressed her previous behaviour

Question 3

In an invented comparison, four people each acquire a habit under a different arrangement of rewards. One is paid after every tenth task, one after the first task completed past each hour, one after unpredictable stretches of time, and one after an unpredictable number of tasks. All four then stop being paid entirely. Whose habit persists longest, and at what rate did it run beforehand?

Accepted Answer

The one paid after an unpredictable number of tasks, which ran fast and steadily

Answer

The one paid after every tenth task, which ran fast with a pause after each payment

Answer

The one paid after the first task past each hour, which ran fast and steadily

Answer

The one paid after unpredictable stretches of time, which ran fast and steadily

Question 4

In an invented case, a new employee watches a colleague take a shortcut in a safety procedure and be reprimanded for it in front of the team. The new employee never tries that shortcut, although nothing has ever happened to him for taking or not taking it. What does this best illustrate?

Answer

Latent learning

Answer

Classical conditioning

Answer

Observational learning

Answer

Operant conditioning

Question 5

In an invented case, a man eats an unfamiliar fish at lunch and is violently sick four hours later, from a virus he caught the day before. Years afterwards the smell of that fish still turns his stomach, although he knows the fish was not the cause. Why is this difficult to account for using the ordinary principles of classical conditioning?

Answer

Because it depends on an already-conditioned stimulus acquiring a second association

Answer

Because a single pairing sufficed, across a gap of hours, where those principles require close timing and repetition

Answer

Because the aversion spread to foods that merely resemble the fish

Answer

Because it required many pairings rather than one